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Volume 52 Issue 12
Dec.  2025
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Article Navigation >  Journal of Genetics and Genomics  > 2025  >  52(12): 1475-1489

The mechanistic insights into fruit ripening: integrating phytohormones, transcription factors, and epigenetic modification

doi: 10.1016/j.jgg.2025.06.001
  •  

    a. Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China;

  •  

    b. Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, China

Funds:

This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32372780 and 32172643), the Institutional Research Funding of Sichuan University (2022SCUNL105), the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province (2024NSFSC1302), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2023M732486), and the Guangxi Science and Technology Program (2024AB08197).

  • Received Date: 2025-04-22
  • Accepted Date: 2025-06-20
  • Rev Recd Date: 2025-06-20
  • Publish Date: 2025-12-31
    Abstract
  • Fruit ripening is a complex developmental process tightly regulated by hormonal crosstalk, transcriptional networks, and epigenetic modifications, with striking divergence between climacteric and non-climacteric species. In climacteric fruits, such as tomatoes, apples, and bananas, ethylene acts as the master regulator, driving autocatalytic biosynthesis through ACS/ACO genes and activating hierarchical transcriptional cascades mediated by MADS-box (RIN), NAC (NOR), and ERF-family transcription factors. These pathways are amplified by epigenetic reprogramming, including DNA demethylation at ripening-related promoters and histone acetylation, which enhance chromatin accessibility to facilitate gene expression. Conversely, non-climacteric fruits like strawberries and grapes predominantly rely on abscisic acid (ABA) to coordinate ripening. Hormonal interplay, such as ethylene-ABA synergy in climacteric fruit systems, further fine-tunes ripening dynamics. Advances in CRISPR-based gene editing and epigenome engineering now enable precise manipulation of these pathways, offering transformative solutions to reduce postharvest losses, enhance nutritional quality, and improve climate resilience. This review integrates mechanistic insights across species, emphasizing opportunities to translate fundamental discoveries into sustainable agricultural innovations, from breeding nutrient-rich cultivars to optimizing postharvest technologies for global food security.
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