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Article Navigation >  Journal of Genetics and Genomics  > 2026  > Accepted Manuscript

Regulation of root-to-shoot ratio in plant resource allocation by external and internal cues

doi: 10.1016/j.jgg.2026.07.010
  •  

    a. State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311401, China;

  •  

    b. State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China

Funds:

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32425042), the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (LQK26C130004), the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program (CAAS-CSNCB-202301), the Independent Research Project of the State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding (2026ZZKT21103), and the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund-CNRRI (No.4).

  • Received Date: 2026-03-09
  • Accepted Date: 2026-07-22
  • Rev Recd Date: 2026-07-21
    • Available Online: 2026-07-29
    Abstract
  • Plants dynamically adjust their root-to-shoot ratio (R:S) in fluctuating environments, a response often interpreted as adaptive resource allocation, although other explanations have also been proposed. Despite ongoing debates surrounding optimal partitioning theory, the active-regulation framework remains valuable for understanding R:S regulation, which is significant for improving plant resource use efficiency and thus fitness and productivity. This review synthesizes multi-scale advances, from physiology to molecular mechanisms, to outline the regulatory networks associated with coordinated root–shoot growth. We examine how major environmental factors such as light, temperature, osmotic stress, nitrogen, and phosphorus regulate R:S through distinct pathways, highlighting the photoreceptor-mediated carbon-nitrogen allocation, organ-specific thermomorphogenic responses, and the multi-layered osmotic stress networks. For nutrient regulation, we emphasize the OsWRI1a–RNR10–DNR1 module for tissue-specific R:S nitrogen response and the PHR1-centered phosphate starvation response network. We also summarize how endogenous hormones (auxin, cytokinin, abscisic acid, and strigolactone) and signaling hubs like TOR kinase regulate R:S. Finally, we discuss current challenges and future directions for a system-level understanding of R:S regulation and its targeted manipulation.
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