Integration of light, carbon, and nitrogen pathways in regulating rice yield

Xiaokang Wu; Kun Wu; Jigang Li; Rongcheng Lin

doi:10.1016/j.jgg.2026.01.009

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Integration of light, carbon, and nitrogen pathways in regulating rice yield

doi: 10.1016/j.jgg.2026.01.009

a. Biotechnology Institute, Xianghu Laboratory, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311231, China;
b. State Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
c. State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China

Funds:

This work was financially supported by the Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province (2024SSYS0100), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32500208, U25A20633), the Leading Innovation and Entrepreneurship Team Project of Hangzhou City (TD2024008), and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2025M782861).

Received Date: 2025-12-07
Accepted Date: 2026-01-22
Rev Recd Date: 2026-01-21

Available Online: 2026-02-03

Abstract

Abstract

Rice productivity arises from an interdependent system: optimal nitrogen utilization enables efficient light signaling, photosynthetic energy capture, and carbon fixation (ultimately yielding carbohydrates), while these processes are fine-tuned by the nitrogen status they regulate, collectively optimizing growth and yield. Light signaling, mediated by photoreceptors, converts environmental cues into transcriptional reprogramming that elicits specific cellular responses. Concurrently, photosynthesis converts light into chemical energy and sugar signals that orchestrate plant growth and development. Nitrogen serves not only as a fundamental building block for all core biomolecules but also as a master regulatory signal, ultimately determining crop yield by governing both the physical structure and developmental programs of plants. The synergistic coordination of light, carbon, and nitrogen metabolism thus underlies crop productivity by regulating carbon-nitrogen balance and associated physiological processes. This review summarizes the dual role of light as both a signal and an energy source, and its integration with sugar and nitrogen metabolism across multiple biological levels to shape yield traits in rice. We further analyze how key transcription factor networks function as central hubs, integrating light, carbon, and nitrogen pathways to enhance photosynthetic capacity, nitrogen assimilation, and reproductive development, providing strategic insights for breeding high-yielding rice varieties with superior resource-use efficiency.
- Light signaling,
- Photosynthesis,
- Sugar,
- Carbon,
- Nitrogen,
- Rice yield

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