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Article Navigation >  Journal of Genetics and Genomics  > 2026  > Accepted Manuscript

Multidisciplinary exploration of ancient atherosclerosis: paleo-genomic and paleo-nutritional analysis of a 13th century artificial mummy in China

doi: 10.1016/j.jgg.2026.01.004
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    a. Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China;

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    b. Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Center for Evolutionary Biology, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China;

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    c. Changzhou Institute of Archaeology, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213001, China;

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    d. USTC Archaeometry Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China;

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    e. Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China;

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    f. Institute of Archaeological Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China;

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    g. School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX13QR, UK;

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    h. School of Archaeology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China;

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    i. Salento School of Cultural Heritage and Arts, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710127, China;

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    j. School of Art and Archaeology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310028, China;

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    k. State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai China;

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    l. MOE Laboratory for National Development and Intelligent Governance, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China;

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    m. Center for the Belt and Road Archaeology and Ancient Civilizations, Shanghai 200433, China

Funds:

ZD285).

This work was funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2020YFC1521607, 2023YFC3303701-02, 2024YFC3306701), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32070576, T2425014 and 32270667), Lantai Youth Scholar Program of Chinese Academy of History (2022LTQN602), Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project (2023SHZDZX02, 2017SHZDZX01), the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province of China (2023J06013), and the Major Project of the National Social Science Foundation of China (21&

  • Received Date: 2025-06-21
  • Accepted Date: 2026-01-08
  • Rev Recd Date: 2026-01-05
    • Available Online: 2026-01-13
    Abstract
  • The 13th-century Changzhou Mummy, from the Lower Yangtze region in China, is the earliest known East Asian case of an artificially mummified body employing mercury and cinnabar enema without evisceration. This study conducts multidisciplinary research, integrating paleo-radiological, paleo-pathological, paleo-genetic, and paleo-nutritional analysis to investigate the phenotype, genotype, individual life history, and the process of deliberate mummification performed on this individual. We generate a whole genome with 12.7× coverage, revealing potential genetic predisposition for several atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD). Stable C and N isotope analysis of bones, teeth and hairs indicates high animal protein consumption as well as terminal illness. Hereditary and dietary risk factors are consistent with the diagnosis of atherosclerosis determined via postmortem examination. Our study, leveraging high-quality ancient DNA, provides a unique opportunity to challenge and rethink the widely accepted consensus on the relationship between atherosclerosis and post-industrial age lifestyles, uncovering unrecognized genetic polymorphisms of ASCVD among ancient individuals, and improving our understanding of the role of genetic factors in the development and evolution of ASCVD.
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